The creation of echo chambers is a key tactic in influence operations, where groups, including religious entities, use targeted messaging to reinforce specific narratives.According to accepted definitions of IO, symptoms include the creation of echo chambers and/or filter bubbles.

IO operations typically stay inside these echo chambers and filter bubbles and leverage the messages to match their narrative, whatever these may be.



(Yas D. Ocampo and Ian Carl Espinosa, with Alyssa Ilaguison and Kylene Faith Andales / UPMin BACMA Interns)

(This alert was produced with support from an Internews initiative aiming to build the capacity of news organizations to understand and monitor disinformation and influence operations in the Philippines.)